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OPA A
LET'S BUILD A COMPILER!
By
Jack W. Crenshaw, Ph.D.
19 August 1988
Part V: CONTROL CONSTRUCTS
PA A
*****************************************************************
* *
* COPYRIGHT NOTICE *
* *
* Copyright (C) 1988 Jack W. Crenshaw. All rights reserved. *
* *
*****************************************************************
INTRODUCTION
In the first four installments of this series, we've been
concentrating on the parsing of math expressions and assignment
statements. In this installment, we'll take off on a new and
exciting tangent: that of parsing and translating control
constructs such as IF statements.
This subject is dear to my heart, because it represents a turning
point for me. I had been playing with the parsing of
expressions, just as we have done in this series, but I still
felt that I was a LONG way from being able to handle a complete
language. After all, REAL languages have branches and loops and
subroutines and all that. Perhaps you've shared some of the same
thoughts. Awhile back, though, I had to produce control
constructs for a structured assembler preprocessor I was writing.
Imagine my surprise to discover that it was far easier than the
expression parsing I had already been through. I remember
thinking, "Hey! This is EASY!" After we've finished this session,
I'll bet you'll be thinking so, too.
THE PLAN
In what follows, we'll be starting over again with a bare cradle,
and as we've done twice before now, we'll build things up one at
a time. We'll also be retaining the concept of single-character
tokens that has served us so well to date. This means that the
"code" will look a little funny, with 'i' for IF, 'w' for WHILE,
etc. But it helps us get the concepts down pat without fussing
over lexical scanning. Fear not ... eventually we'll see
something looking like "real" code.
I also don't want to have us get bogged down in dealing with
statements other than branches, such as the assignment statements
we've been working on. We've already demonstrated that we can
handle them, so there's no point carrying them around as excess
baggage during this exercise. So what I'll do instead is to use
an anonymous statement, "other", to take the place of the non-
control statements and serve as a place-holder for them. We have
to generate some kind of object code for them (we're back into
compiling, not interpretation), so for want of anything else I'll
just echo the character input.ABAB
- 2 -A*A*
PA A
OK, then, starting with yet another copy of the cradle, let's
define the procedure:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate an "Other" }
procedure Other;
begin
EmitLn(GetName);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Now include a call to it in the main program, thus:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Main Program }
begin
Init;
Other;
end.
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Run the program and see what you get. Not very exciting, is it?
But hang in there, it's a start, and things will get better.
The first thing we need is the ability to deal with more than one
statement, since a single-line branch is pretty limited. We did
that in the last session on interpreting, but this time let's get
a little more formal. Consider the following BNF:
<program> ::= <block> END
<block> ::= [ <statement> ]*
This says that, for our purposes here, a program is defined as a
block, followed by an END statement. A block, in turn, consists
of zero or more statements. We only have one kind of statement,
so far.
What signals the end of a block? It's simply any construct that
isn't an "other" statement. For now, that means only the END
statement.
Armed with these ideas, we can proceed to build up our parser.
The code for a program (we have to call it DoProgram, or Pascal
will complain, is:ANAN
- 3 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a Program }
procedure DoProgram;
begin
Block;
if Look <> 'e' then Expected('End');
EmitLn('END')
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Notice that I've arranged to emit an "END" command to the
assembler, which sort of punctuates the output code, and makes
sense considering that we're parsing a complete program here.
The code for Block is:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a Statement Block }
procedure Block;
begin
while not(Look in ['e']) do begin
Other;
end;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
(From the form of the procedure, you just KNOW we're going to be
adding to it in a bit!)
OK, enter these routines into your program. Replace the call to
Block in the main program, by a call to DoProgram. Now try it
and see how it works. Well, it's still not much, but we're
getting closer.
SOME GROUNDWORK
Before we begin to define the various control constructs, we need
to lay a bit more groundwork. First, a word of warning: I won't
be using the same syntax for these constructs as you're familiar
with from Pascal or C. For example, the Pascal syntax for an IF
is:
IF <condition> THEN <statement>
(where the statement, of course, may be compound).A6A6
- 4 -A*A*
PA A
The C version is similar:
IF ( <condition> ) <statement>
Instead, I'll be using something that looks more like Ada:
IF <condition> <block> ENDIF
In other words, the IF construct has a specific termination
symbol. This avoids the dangling-else of Pascal and C and also
precludes the need for the brackets {} or begin-end. The syntax
I'm showing you here, in fact, is that of the language KISS that
I'll be detailing in later installments. The other constructs
will also be slightly different. That shouldn't be a real
problem for you. Once you see how it's done, you'll realize that
it really doesn't matter so much which specific syntax is
involved. Once the syntax is defined, turning it into code is
straightforward.
Now, all of the constructs we'll be dealing with here involve
transfer of control, which at the assembler-language level means
conditional and/or unconditional branches. For example, the
simple IF statement
IF <condition> A ENDIF B ....
must get translated into
Branch if NOT condition to L
A
L: B
...
It's clear, then, that we're going to need some more procedures
to help us deal with these branches. I've defined two of them
below. Procedure NewLabel generates unique labels. This is done
via the simple expedient of calling every label 'Lnn', where nn
is a label number starting from zero. Procedure PostLabel just
outputs the labels at the proper place.
Here are the two routines:A?A?
- 5 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Generate a Unique Label }
function NewLabel: string;
var S: string;
begin
Str(LCount, S);
NewLabel := 'L' + S;
Inc(LCount);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Post a Label To Output }
procedure PostLabel(L: string);
begin
WriteLn(L, ':');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Notice that we've added a new global variable, LCount, so you
need to change the VAR declarations at the top of the program to
look like this:
var Look : char; { Lookahead Character }
Lcount: integer; { Label Counter }
Also, add the following extra initialization to Init:
LCount := 0;
(DON'T forget that, or your labels can look really strange!)
At this point I'd also like to show you a new kind of notation.
If you compare the form of the IF statement above with the as-
sembler code that must be produced, you can see that there are
certain actions associated with each of the keywords in the
statement:
IF: First, get the condition and issue the code for it.
Then, create a unique label and emit a branch if false.
ENDIF: Emit the label.
These actions can be shown very concisely if we write the syntax
this way:A*A*
- 6 -
PA A
IF
<condition> { Condition;
L = NewLabel;
Emit(Branch False to L); }
<block>
ENDIF { PostLabel(L) }
This is an example of syntax-directed translation. We've been
doing it all along ... we've just never written it down this way
before. The stuff in curly brackets represents the ACTIONS to be
taken. The nice part about this representation is that it not
only shows what we have to recognize, but also the actions we
have to perform, and in which order. Once we have this syntax,
the code almost writes itself.
About the only thing left to do is to be a bit more specific
about what we mean by "Branch if false."
I'm assuming that there will be code executed for <condition>
that will perform Boolean algebra and compute some result. It
should also set the condition flags corresponding to that result.
Now, the usual convention for a Boolean variable is to let 0000
represent "false," and anything else (some use FFFF, some 0001)
represent "true."
On the 68000 the condition flags are set whenever any data is
moved or calculated. If the data is a 0000 (corresponding to a
false condition, remember), the zero flag will be set. The code
for "Branch on zero" is BEQ. So for our purposes here,
BEQ <=> Branch if false
BNE <=> Branch if true
It's the nature of the beast that most of the branches we see
will be BEQ's ... we'll be branching AROUND the code that's
supposed to be executed when the condition is true.
THE IF STATEMENT
With that bit of explanation out of the way, we're finally ready
to begin coding the IF-statement parser. In fact, we've almost
already done it! As usual, I'll be using our single-character
approach, with the character 'i' for IF, and 'e' for ENDIF (as
well as END ... that dual nature causes no confusion). I'll
also, for now, skip completely the character for the branch con-
dition, which we still have to define.
The code for DoIf is:ABAB
- 7 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate an IF Construct }
procedure Block; Forward;
procedure DoIf;
var L: string;
begin
Match('i');
L := NewLabel;
Condition;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L);
Block;
Match('e');
PostLabel(L);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Add this routine to your program, and change Block to reference
it as follows:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a Statement Block }
procedure Block;
begin
while not(Look in ['e']) do begin
case Look of
'i': DoIf;
'o': Other;
end;
end;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Notice the reference to procedure Condition. Eventually, we'll
write a routine that can parse and translate any Boolean con-
dition we care to give it. But that's a whole installment by
itself (the next one, in fact). For now, let's just make it a
dummy that emits some text. Write the following routine:AQAQ
- 8 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a Boolean Condition }
{ This version is a dummy }
Procedure Condition;
begin
EmitLn('<condition>');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Insert this procedure in your program just before DoIf. Now run
the program. Try a string like
aibece
As you can see, the parser seems to recognize the construct and
inserts the object code at the right places. Now try a set of
nested IF's, like
aibicedefe
It's starting to look real, eh?
Now that we have the general idea (and the tools such as the
notation and the procedures NewLabel and PostLabel), it's a piece
of cake to extend the parser to include other constructs. The
first (and also one of the trickiest) is to add the ELSE clause
to IF. The BNF is
IF <condition> <block> [ ELSE <block>] ENDIF
The tricky part arises simply because there is an optional part,
which doesn't occur in the other constructs.
The corresponding output code should be
<condition>
BEQ L1
<block>
BRA L2
L1: <block>
L2: ...
This leads us to the following syntax-directed translation:A3A3
- 9 -A*A*
PA A
IF
<condition> { L1 = NewLabel;
L2 = NewLabel;
Emit(BEQ L1) }
<block>
ELSE { Emit(BRA L2);
PostLabel(L1) }
<block>
ENDIF { PostLabel(L2) }
Comparing this with the case for an ELSE-less IF gives us a clue
as to how to handle both situations. The code below does it.
(Note that I use an 'l' for the ELSE, since 'e' is otherwise
occupied):
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate an IF Construct }
procedure DoIf;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('i');
Condition;
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := L1;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L1);
Block;
if Look = 'l' then begin
Match('l');
L2 := NewLabel;
EmitLn('BRA ' + L2);
PostLabel(L1);
Block;
end;
Match('e');
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
There you have it. A complete IF parser/translator, in 19 lines
of code.
Give it a try now. Try something like
aiblcede
Did it work? Now, just to be sure we haven't broken the ELSE-
less case, try
aibeceA6A6
- 10 -A*A*
PA A
Now try some nested IF's. Try anything you like, including some
badly formed statements. Just remember that 'e' is not a legal
"other" statement.
THE WHILE STATEMENT
The next type of statement should be easy, since we already have
the process down pat. The syntax I've chosen for the WHILE
statement is
WHILE <condition> <block> ENDWHILE
I know, I know, we don't REALLY need separate kinds of ter-
minators for each construct ... you can see that by the fact that
in our one-character version, 'e' is used for all of them. But I
also remember MANY debugging sessions in Pascal, trying to track
down a wayward END that the compiler obviously thought I meant to
put somewhere else. It's been my experience that specific and
unique keywords, although they add to the vocabulary of the
language, give a bit of error-checking that is worth the extra
work for the compiler writer.
Now, consider what the WHILE should be translated into. It
should be:
L1: <condition>
BEQ L2
<block>
BRA L1
L2:
As before, comparing the two representations gives us the actions
needed at each point.
WHILE { L1 = NewLabel;
PostLabel(L1) }
<condition> { Emit(BEQ L2) }
<block>
ENDWHILE { Emit(BRA L1);
PostLabel(L2) }
The code follows immediately from the syntax:A3A3
- 11 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a WHILE Statement }
procedure DoWhile;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('w');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L1);
Condition;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L2);
Block;
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Since we've got a new statement, we have to add a call to it
within procedure Block:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a Statement Block }
procedure Block;
begin
while not(Look in ['e', 'l']) do begin
case Look of
'i': DoIf;
'w': DoWhile;
else Other;
end;
end;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
No other changes are necessary.
OK, try the new program. Note that this time, the <condition>
code is INSIDE the upper label, which is just where we wanted it.
Try some nested loops. Try some loops within IF's, and some IF's
within loops. If you get a bit confused as to what you should
type, don't be discouraged: you write bugs in other languages,
too, don't you? It'll look a lot more meaningful when we get
full keywords.
I hope by now that you're beginning to get the idea that this
really IS easy. All we have to do to accomodate a new construct
is to work out the syntax-directed translation of it. The code
almost falls out from there, and it doesn't affect any of theA*A*
- 12 -
PA A
other routines. Once you've gotten the feel of the thing, you'll
see that you can add new constructs about as fast as you can
dream them up.
THE LOOP STATEMENT
We could stop right here, and have a language that works. It's
been shown many times that a high-order language with only two
constructs, the IF and the WHILE, is sufficient to write struc-
tured code. But we're on a roll now, so let's richen up the
repertoire a bit.
This construct is even easier, since it has no condition test at
all ... it's an infinite loop. What's the point of such a loop?
Not much, by itself, but later on we're going to add a BREAK
command, that will give us a way out. This makes the language
considerably richer than Pascal, which has no break, and also
avoids the funny WHILE(1) or WHILE TRUE of C and Pascal.
The syntax is simply
LOOP <block> ENDLOOP
and the syntax-directed translation is:
LOOP { L = NewLabel;
PostLabel(L) }
<block>
ENDLOOP { Emit(BRA L }
The corresponding code is shown below. Since I've already used
'l' for the ELSE, I've used the last letter, 'p', as the
"keyword" this time.
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a LOOP Statement }
procedure DoLoop;
var L: string;
begin
Match('p');
L := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L);
Block;
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}ABAB
- 13 -A*A*
PA A
When you insert this routine, don't forget to add a line in Block
to call it.
REPEAT-UNTIL
Here's one construct that I lifted right from Pascal. The syntax
is
REPEAT <block> UNTIL <condition> ,
and the syntax-directed translation is:
REPEAT { L = NewLabel;
PostLabel(L) }
<block>
UNTIL
<condition> { Emit(BEQ L) }
As usual, the code falls out pretty easily:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a REPEAT Statement }
procedure DoRepeat;
var L: string;
begin
Match('r');
L := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L);
Block;
Match('u');
Condition;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
As before, we have to add the call to DoRepeat within Block.
This time, there's a difference, though. I decided to use 'r'
for REPEAT (naturally), but I also decided to use 'u' for UNTIL.
This means that the 'u' must be added to the set of characters in
the while-test. These are the characters that signal an exit
from the current block ... the "follow" characters, in compiler
jargon.A-A-
- 14 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a Statement Block }
procedure Block;
begin
while not(Look in ['e', 'l', 'u']) do begin
case Look of
'i': DoIf;
'w': DoWhile;
'p': DoLoop;
'r': DoRepeat;
else Other;
end;
end;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
THE FOR LOOP
The FOR loop is a very handy one to have around, but it's a bear
to translate. That's not so much because the construct itself is
hard ... it's only a loop after all ... but simply because it's
hard to implement in assembler language. Once the code is
figured out, the translation is straightforward enough.
C fans love the FOR-loop of that language (and, in fact, it's
easier to code), but I've chosen instead a syntax very much like
the one from good ol' BASIC:
FOR <ident> = <expr1> TO <expr2> <block> ENDFOR
The translation of a FOR loop can be just about as difficult as
you choose to make it, depending upon the way you decide to
define the rules as to how to handle the limits. Does expr2 get
evaluated every time through the loop, for example, or is it
treated as a constant limit? Do you always go through the loop
at least once, as in FORTRAN, or not? It gets simpler if you
adopt the point of view that the construct is equivalent to:
<ident> = <expr1>
TEMP = <expr2>
WHILE <ident> <= TEMP
<block>
ENDWHILE
Notice that with this definition of the loop, <block> will not be
executed at all if <expr1> is initially larger than <expr2>.ABAB
- 15 -A*A*
PA A
The 68000 code needed to do this is trickier than anything we've
done so far. I had a couple of tries at it, putting both the
counter and the upper limit on the stack, both in registers,
etc. I finally arrived at a hybrid arrangement, in which the
loop counter is in memory (so that it can be accessed within the
loop), and the upper limit is on the stack. The translated code
came out like this:
<ident> get name of loop counter
<expr1> get initial value
LEA <ident>(PC),A0 address the loop counter
SUBQ #1,D0 predecrement it
MOVE D0,(A0) save it
<expr1> get upper limit
MOVE D0,-(SP) save it on stack
L1: LEA <ident>(PC),A0 address loop counter
MOVE (A0),D0 fetch it to D0
ADDQ #1,D0 bump the counter
MOVE D0,(A0) save new value
CMP (SP),D0 check for range
BLE L2 skip out if D0 > (SP)
<block>
BRA L1 loop for next pass
L2: ADDQ #2,SP clean up the stack
Wow! That seems like a lot of code ... the line containing
<block> seems to almost get lost. But that's the best I could do
with it. I guess it helps to keep in mind that it's really only
sixteen words, after all. If anyone else can optimize this
better, please let me know.
Still, the parser routine is pretty easy now that we have the
code:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a FOR Statement }
procedure DoFor;
var L1, L2: string;
Name: char;
begin
Match('f');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
Name := GetName;
Match('=');
Expression;
EmitLn('SUBQ #1,D0');
EmitLn('LEA ' + Name + '(PC),A0');
EmitLn('MOVE D0,(A0)');A*A*
- 16 -
PA A
Expression;
EmitLn('MOVE D0,-(SP)');
PostLabel(L1);
EmitLn('LEA ' + Name + '(PC),A0');
EmitLn('MOVE (A0),D0');
EmitLn('ADDQ #1,D0');
EmitLn('MOVE D0,(A0)');
EmitLn('CMP (SP),D0');
EmitLn('BGT ' + L2);
Block;
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
EmitLn('ADDQ #2,SP');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Since we don't have expressions in this parser, I used the same
trick as for Condition, and wrote the routine
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate an Expression }
{ This version is a dummy }
Procedure Expression;
begin
EmitLn('<expr>');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Give it a try. Once again, don't forget to add the call in
Block. Since we don't have any input for the dummy version of
Expression, a typical input line would look something like
afi=bece
Well, it DOES generate a lot of code, doesn't it? But at least
it's the RIGHT code.
THE DO STATEMENT
All this made me wish for a simpler version of the FOR loop. The
reason for all the code above is the need to have the loop
counter accessible as a variable within the loop. If all we need
is a counting loop to make us go through something a specified
number of times, but don't need access to the counter itself,
there is a much easier solution. The 68000 has a "decrement and
branch nonzero" instruction built in which is ideal for counting.
For good measure, let's add this construct, too. This will be
the last of our loop structures.A*A*
- 17 -
PA A
The syntax and its translation is:
DO
<expr> { Emit(SUBQ #1,D0);
L = NewLabel;
PostLabel(L);
Emit(MOVE D0,-(SP) }
<block>
ENDDO { Emit(MOVE (SP)+,D0;
Emit(DBRA D0,L) }
That's quite a bit simpler! The loop will execute <expr> times.
Here's the code:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a DO Statement }
procedure Dodo;
var L: string;
begin
Match('d');
L := NewLabel;
Expression;
EmitLn('SUBQ #1,D0');
PostLabel(L);
EmitLn('MOVE D0,-(SP)');
Block;
EmitLn('MOVE (SP)+,D0');
EmitLn('DBRA D0,' + L);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
I think you'll have to agree, that's a whole lot simpler than the
classical FOR. Still, each construct has its place.
THE BREAK STATEMENT
Earlier I promised you a BREAK statement to accompany LOOP. This
is one I'm sort of proud of. On the face of it a BREAK seems
really tricky. My first approach was to just use it as an extra
terminator to Block, and split all the loops into two parts, just
as I did with the ELSE half of an IF. That turns out not to
work, though, because the BREAK statement is almost certainly not
going to show up at the same level as the loop itself. The most
likely place for a BREAK is right after an IF, which would cause
it to exit to the IF construct, not the enclosing loop. WRONG.
The BREAK has to exit the inner LOOP, even if it's nested down
into several levels of IFs.A6A6
- 18 -A*A*
PA A
My next thought was that I would just store away, in some global
variable, the ending label of the innermost loop. That doesn't
work either, because there may be a break from an inner loop
followed by a break from an outer one. Storing the label for the
inner loop would clobber the label for the outer one. So the
global variable turned into a stack. Things were starting to get
messy.
Then I decided to take my own advice. Remember in the last
session when I pointed out how well the implicit stack of a
recursive descent parser was serving our needs? I said that if
you begin to see the need for an external stack you might be
doing something wrong. Well, I was. It is indeed possible to
let the recursion built into our parser take care of everything,
and the solution is so simple that it's surprising.
The secret is to note that every BREAK statement has to occur
within a block ... there's no place else for it to be. So all we
have to do is to pass into Block the exit address of the
innermost loop. Then it can pass the address to the routine that
translates the break instruction. Since an IF statement doesn't
change the loop level, procedure DoIf doesn't need to do anything
except pass the label into ITS blocks (both of them). Since
loops DO change the level, each loop construct simply ignores
whatever label is above it and passes its own exit label along.
All this is easier to show you than it is to describe. I'll
demonstrate with the easiest loop, which is LOOP:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a LOOP Statement }
procedure DoLoop;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('p');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L1);
Block(L2);
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Notice that DoLoop now has TWO labels, not just one. The second
is to give the BREAK instruction a target to jump to. If there
is no BREAK within the loop, we've wasted a label and cluttered
up things a bit, but there's no harm done.ABAB
- 19 -A*A*
PA A
Note also that Block now has a parameter, which for loops will
always be the exit address. The new version of Block is:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a Statement Block }
procedure Block(L: string);
begin
while not(Look in ['e', 'l', 'u']) do begin
case Look of
'i': DoIf(L);
'w': DoWhile;
'p': DoLoop;
'r': DoRepeat;
'f': DoFor;
'd': DoDo;
'b': DoBreak(L);
else Other;
end;
end;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Again, notice that all Block does with the label is to pass it
into DoIf and DoBreak. The loop constructs don't need it,
because they are going to pass their own label anyway.
The new version of DoIf is:AUAU
APAP
- 20 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate an IF Construct }
procedure Block(L: string); Forward;
procedure DoIf(L: string);
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('i');
Condition;
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := L1;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L1);
Block(L);
if Look = 'l' then begin
Match('l');
L2 := NewLabel;
EmitLn('BRA ' + L2);
PostLabel(L1);
Block(L);
end;
Match('e');
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
Here, the only thing that changes is the addition of the
parameter to procedure Block. An IF statement doesn't change the
loop nesting level, so DoIf just passes the label along. No
matter how many levels of IF nesting we have, the same label will
be used.
Now, remember that DoProgram also calls Block, so it now needs to
pass it a label. An attempt to exit the outermost block is an
error, so DoProgram passes a null label which is caught by
DoBreak:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a BREAK }
procedure DoBreak(L: string);
begin
Match('b');
if L <> '' then
EmitLn('BRA ' + L)
else Abort('No loop to break from');
end;A-A-
- 21 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a Program }
procedure DoProgram;
begin
Block('');
if Look <> 'e' then Expected('End');
EmitLn('END')
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
That ALMOST takes care of everything. Give it a try, see if you
can "break" it <pun>. Careful, though. By this time we've used
so many letters, it's hard to think of characters that aren't now
representing reserved words. Remember: before you try the
program, you're going to have to edit every occurence of Block in
the other loop constructs to include the new parameter. Do it
just like I did for LOOP.
I said ALMOST above. There is one slight problem: if you take a
hard look at the code generated for DO, you'll see that if you
break out of this loop, the value of the loop counter is still
left on the stack. We're going to have to fix that! A shame ...
that was one of our smaller routines, but it can't be helped.
Here's a version that doesn't have the problem:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a DO Statement }
procedure Dodo;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('d');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
Expression;
EmitLn('SUBQ #1,D0');
PostLabel(L1);
EmitLn('MOVE D0,-(SP)');
Block(L2);
EmitLn('MOVE (SP)+,D0');
EmitLn('DBRA D0,' + L1);
EmitLn('SUBQ #2,SP');
PostLabel(L2);
EmitLn('ADDQ #2,SP');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
The two extra instructions, the SUBQ and ADDQ, take care of
leaving the stack in the right shape.A*A*
- 22 -
PA A
CONCLUSION
At this point we have created a number of control constructs ...
a richer set, really, than that provided by almost any other pro-
gramming language. And, except for the FOR loop, it was pretty
easy to do. Even that one was tricky only because it's tricky in
assembler language.
I'll conclude this session here. To wrap the thing up with a red
ribbon, we really should have a go at having real keywords
instead of these mickey-mouse single-character things. You've
already seen that the extension to multi-character words is not
difficult, but in this case it will make a big difference in the
appearance of our input code. I'll save that little bit for the
next installment. In that installment we'll also address Boolean
expressions, so we can get rid of the dummy version of Condition
that we've used here. See you then.
For reference purposes, here is the completed parser for this
session:
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
program Branch;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Constant Declarations }
const TAB = ^I;
CR = ^M;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Variable Declarations }
var Look : char; { Lookahead Character }
Lcount: integer; { Label Counter }
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Read New Character From Input Stream }
procedure GetChar;
begin
Read(Look);
end;AEAE
- 23 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Report an Error }
procedure Error(s: string);
begin
WriteLn;
WriteLn(^G, 'Error: ', s, '.');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Report Error and Halt }
procedure Abort(s: string);
begin
Error(s);
Halt;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Report What Was Expected }
procedure Expected(s: string);
begin
Abort(s + ' Expected');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Match a Specific Input Character }
procedure Match(x: char);
begin
if Look = x then GetChar
else Expected('''' + x + '''');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize an Alpha Character }
function IsAlpha(c: char): boolean;
begin
IsAlpha := UpCase(c) in ['A'..'Z'];
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize a Decimal Digit }
function IsDigit(c: char): boolean;
begin
IsDigit := c in ['0'..'9'];
end;A*A*
- 24 -
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize an Addop }
function IsAddop(c: char): boolean;
begin
IsAddop := c in ['+', '-'];
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize White Space }
function IsWhite(c: char): boolean;
begin
IsWhite := c in [' ', TAB];
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Skip Over Leading White Space }
procedure SkipWhite;
begin
while IsWhite(Look) do
GetChar;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Get an Identifier }
function GetName: char;
begin
if not IsAlpha(Look) then Expected('Name');
GetName := UpCase(Look);
GetChar;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Get a Number }
function GetNum: char;
begin
if not IsDigit(Look) then Expected('Integer');
GetNum := Look;
GetChar;
end;A9A9
- 25 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Generate a Unique Label }
function NewLabel: string;
var S: string;
begin
Str(LCount, S);
NewLabel := 'L' + S;
Inc(LCount);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Post a Label To Output }
procedure PostLabel(L: string);
begin
WriteLn(L, ':');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Output a String with Tab }
procedure Emit(s: string);
begin
Write(TAB, s);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Output a String with Tab and CRLF }
procedure EmitLn(s: string);
begin
Emit(s);
WriteLn;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a Boolean Condition }
procedure Condition;
begin
EmitLn('<condition>');
end;A9A9
- 26 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a Math Expression }
procedure Expression;
begin
EmitLn('<expr>');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate an IF Construct }
procedure Block(L: string); Forward;
procedure DoIf(L: string);
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('i');
Condition;
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := L1;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L1);
Block(L);
if Look = 'l' then begin
Match('l');
L2 := NewLabel;
EmitLn('BRA ' + L2);
PostLabel(L1);
Block(L);
end;
Match('e');
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a WHILE Statement }
procedure DoWhile;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('w');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L1);
Condition;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L2);
Block(L2);
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
end;A6A6
- 27 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a LOOP Statement }
procedure DoLoop;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('p');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L1);
Block(L2);
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a REPEAT Statement }
procedure DoRepeat;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('r');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
PostLabel(L1);
Block(L2);
Match('u');
Condition;
EmitLn('BEQ ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a FOR Statement }
procedure DoFor;
var L1, L2: string;
Name: char;
begin
Match('f');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
Name := GetName;
Match('=');
Expression;
EmitLn('SUBQ #1,D0');
EmitLn('LEA ' + Name + '(PC),A0');
EmitLn('MOVE D0,(A0)');
Expression;
EmitLn('MOVE D0,-(SP)');
PostLabel(L1);A*A*
- 28 -
PA A
EmitLn('LEA ' + Name + '(PC),A0');
EmitLn('MOVE (A0),D0');
EmitLn('ADDQ #1,D0');
EmitLn('MOVE D0,(A0)');
EmitLn('CMP (SP),D0');
EmitLn('BGT ' + L2);
Block(L2);
Match('e');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L1);
PostLabel(L2);
EmitLn('ADDQ #2,SP');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a DO Statement }
procedure Dodo;
var L1, L2: string;
begin
Match('d');
L1 := NewLabel;
L2 := NewLabel;
Expression;
EmitLn('SUBQ #1,D0');
PostLabel(L1);
EmitLn('MOVE D0,-(SP)');
Block(L2);
EmitLn('MOVE (SP)+,D0');
EmitLn('DBRA D0,' + L1);
EmitLn('SUBQ #2,SP');
PostLabel(L2);
EmitLn('ADDQ #2,SP');
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a BREAK }
procedure DoBreak(L: string);
begin
Match('b');
EmitLn('BRA ' + L);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate an "Other" }
procedure Other;
begin
EmitLn(GetName);
end;A6A6
- 29 -A*A*
PA A
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Recognize and Translate a Statement Block }
procedure Block(L: string);
begin
while not(Look in ['e', 'l', 'u']) do begin
case Look of
'i': DoIf(L);
'w': DoWhile;
'p': DoLoop;
'r': DoRepeat;
'f': DoFor;
'd': DoDo;
'b': DoBreak(L);
else Other;
end;
end;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Parse and Translate a Program }
procedure DoProgram;
begin
Block('');
if Look <> 'e' then Expected('End');
EmitLn('END')
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Initialize }
procedure Init;
begin
LCount := 0;
GetChar;
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------}
{ Main Program }
begin
Init;
DoProgram;
end.
{--------------------------------------------------------------}ANAN
- 30 -A*A*
PA A
*****************************************************************
* *
* COPYRIGHT NOTICE *
* *
* Copyright (C) 1988 Jack W. Crenshaw. All rights reserved. *
* *
*****************************************************************AUAU
A0A0
- 31 -A*A*
@
